Showing posts with label Holland. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Holland. Show all posts

23.5.14

226 / Queen's Day of the Netherlands / April 24, 2012 / Holland


On Tuesday, April 24, 2012 2:19 PM, bagher mohammadpour <bmp1337@yahoo.com> wrote:

Your Majesty Beatrix, the Queen of the Netherlands
 
Please accept my congratulation on Queen's Day.

I wish Your Majesty and the Netherland Life, Glory, Beauty in its widest meaning, and Zest. All these are what I see in painting of this card.
 
I am so proud that my birthday, 30/04/1958, coincides with the Queen's Day!
 
Respectfully yours
B Mohammad pour

24/04/2010
 
 
ACZ Schalkhaar
Frieswijkerweg 2
7433 RB Schalkhaar

225 / Request of help from "Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association" / April 6, 2012 / Holland


On Friday, April 6, 2012 7:33 PM, bagher mohammadpour <bmp1337@yahoo.com> wrote  To knmp@knmp.nl; communicatie@knmp.nl:

Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association
Dear Madam/Sir
I send you this email from Holland. I will be please if you let me know your comments on its subject and possibilities available for helping me.
 
Best regards
BMP
 
This email was sent to some of politicians of Holland about two years ago.
*************************************************************************************************************
The main letter was written long before the post-election events in Iran. Unfortunately those bloody events put the final and absolute proof on my belief in this letter that (underlined are of especial importance):
IN IRAN 
the struggle between Liberty and Authority
has never been so harsh and bloody 
during the last century.
The government uses all his power 
against his subjects
no less than against external enemies
.
Mill says 
“But in political and philosophical theories
success disclose defaults and infirmities
which failure might have concealed from observation.”
So the severity of this struggle
puts a further proof on
the Tyrannical nature of ideological and theological
(as happened in Europe) regimes
Below you find MHRA (English body) opinion on the legal status of the crisis in the pharmaceutical industries of Iran. For some known and predictable reasons, but predictable and understandable, MHRA has not expressed its detailed opinions on the subject but you could ask Canadian officials to provide you more information and they will provide the best proof on all my claims stated in my letter.
RE: An Incredible Report From....a little pharmacist
MHRA Information Centre <info@mhra.gsi.gov.uk>
To:bmp1337@yahoo.com
Dear Mr B Mohammad pour,
Manufacturing sites in the UK and sites in countries that manufacture product for the UK are regularly
inspected to ensure compliance to the EU Good Manufacturing Practice Guidelines (GMP).
If a site fails to meet applicable GMP standard then their license to manufacture pharmaceuticals can
be varied or revoked.
If a site continues to manufacture (ie manufactures without a license and hence illegally) then Enforcement
powers exist such that individuals in the UK can be prosecuted under the Medicines Act.
The penalties applicable in such cases are 2 years imprisonment and/or unlimited fine.
We can not comment on what should or does happens in non EU countries if
Good Manufacturing Practice is not adhered to.
Your sincerely
B J Wright Group Manager Inspection
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency Tel: 020 7084 2000
A person may cause evil to others
not only by his actions
but by his INACTION,
and in either case he is justly
accountable to them for INJURY.
(page 70)

Very few facts
are able to tell their story
without comments
to bring out their meaning.
(page 80)
(John Stuart Mill, On Liberty,
1859, in Penguin Classics
 1985)
When the foundations are being destroyed,
what can the righteous do?
(Psalm 11:3)


IN IRAN 
the struggle between Liberty and Authority
has never been so harsh and bloody 
during the last century.
The government uses all his power 
against his subjects
no less than against external enemies.



Mill says 
“But in political and philosophical theories
success disclose defaults and infirmities
which failure might have concealed from observation.”
So the severity of this struggle
puts a further proof on
the Tyrannical nature of ideological and theological
(as happened in Europe) regimes.



B. Mohammad pour,
Paris, France.

Today it is an received opinion and belief, both nationally and internationally that: Any commitment to advancement of Human Rights in Iran must be asserted by deeds, for words, on this subject, it is a long time, have nearly exhausted their POWER.

What I am writing you about is an absolutely incredible case of HRs violation in the history of the Islamic Government and the worst of them. If only critics and social activists and political and journalists figures are subject to political and judicial persecution and torture, this crisis affects all innocent members of a whole nation and no one could escape from its dangers. The simplest cases of those mistakes deserve up to few million dollars of fine and about ten years jail in the U.S.A and Europe. If violation on human rights in Iran, like in all other countries, is measured according to the current international and accepted understanding of the subject, I assure you what I try to divulge is the worst case in the world of a deliberate and nationwide violation has ever been committed by any government against its people. My claims are totally based on too many official documents from many manufacturers and the Ministry of Health and they prove that this problem is a STRUCTURAL defect and has no simple and easy solution; 
no expert could believe what is going on in Iran in this field.

I and my people are in Urgent need of a minute part of international humanitarian aids of your country as a serious critics of the Islamic Government for his tyrannical and inhumane deeds and behavior. Spending more than thirty months in Europe has depleted all my financial supports. 
My long experience in pharmaceutical industries make my settlement an easy and successful task and here I promise to pay back the cost of my reaching to your country.

I hope your humane interests and commitment of your country to advancement of HR help me urgently to bring this life-long struggle to its victorious end in favor of a big nation who are spending the absolute 
darkest period of their social life during the last century.

So my request for support and being in your country is not a kind of ordinary immigration request which are normally subject of along and time-consuming procedure; it is somehow a political and national one that requires your special favor and supports. I hope receive your supports very soon till all the Iranians benefit from the righteous commitment of your country to their well-being.

Because of the scientific and technical nature of these problems only professional experts are able to evaluate the importance: 
Very few facts are able to tell their story without comments to bring out their meaning.


Respectfully yours
B Mohammad pour
1-FROM Tabriz university in Iran I received my Pharm.D. degree at the beginning of 1985. I have spent all my professional life in service of the pharmaceutical industries of Iran. From the very first weeks I faced a lot of huge scientific and practical mistakes in all aspect of production of medicinals. Unfortunately leaving a company and joining another only changed my mistrust in inadequacy of theoretical and practical arrangements into an absolute faith in existence of a nationwide disaster in these industries.

My DISASTROUS and incredible findings in every company put them in danger of a devastating earthquake with unpredictable consequences not only for themselves but for MoH who carried all and also the final responsibility of everything industries did & DO. So I always forced to move (actually I was dismissed) to another company and repeating the same story.

2-ABOUT fifteen years ago I wrote a long and critical article on this subject but no one dared to publish it for having serious consequences on Government’s legitimacy and would put both the publisher and writer in danger of harsh reactions of the regime.

3-THE followings are only a short list of those serious mistakes:

§- Usage delicate and unstable materials like vitamins five to seven years after the end of their Expiration Dates.

§- Huge mistakes in laboratory control methods of Raw Materials and finished products so that mistakes up to fifty percent, and usually more, could not be detected or could be introduced.

§- Mixing of raw well water with syrups for too many years because of a design defect in the filling machine.

§- correction of a totally wrong manufacturing procedure reduced the manufacturing time from ten hours in tow days to three hours in one day. A further correction of its formulation reduced its excipients about 1300 kg per 3000 l: this means their ignorance put the metabolic system of children under a severe pressure for absolutely no benefit or necessity. Its bitter taste and disgusting smell vanished for ever.

§- Defect in installation of a washing machine led to remaining about two milliliters of an extremely concentrated Chlorine water, one of the most dangerous Oxidizing agents, in the washed bottles used for bottling the above mentioned pediatric antibiotic suspension.

§- Usage an totally Inactive microbial preservative in an antacid suspension for too many years for the complete ignorance of the most basic principles of chemistry and biology.

§- For a while a company introduced a preparation without any Active component (drug molecules) into market for Economical reasons.

§- Active ingredient of an antacid suspension and tablets were respectively 25% and 16% less than the label amounts in at least two company.

§- In a comprehensive report, in more than one hundred pages, I proved that nearly what I knew till then in that company were wrong to the strongest and widest meaning of the word of wrong.

§- correction of filtering technique of a sugar syrup prevented the entrance of considerable amount of any kinds of particles into a pediatric antibiotic suspension.

§- Some people died in a hospital in Tehran under the usage of an imported general anesthetic for the wrong quality control process in the Central QC Laboratory of MoH.

§- Some imported blood preparations by a governmental department infected too many by HIV because of the poor QC methods employed by MoH.

§- A manufacturer sent seven files to MoH to gain production licenses. My comprehensive analysis proved that they were ABSOLUTELY, in the strongest meaning of the word, wrong and no one can find even a scientific or literal sentences in ALL of them. Many correspondences from MoH proved and yet proves that none of those huge and disastrous mistakes were detected by MoH officials or many pharmacist employees oh that company. Some of those drugs were Cardiac and anti-Asthmatic.

§- All bottles of a Pediatric dried suspension of Doxycycline released to market in spite of being degraded because of the high humidity of filling department.

§- Contaminated injectables (Oxytertracycline) with DUST of Carbon during the sealing step, released to market by the previous case company.

§- A hyper-osmotic local anesthetic which was prepared by a governmental agent paralyzed some, especially from both legs following its injection into the spinal cord.

§- Washings and rain water entered the main water reservoir of a company for an unknown period of time in spite of repeated inspections of MoH agents and too many pseudo-pharmacist employees during in all those long years.

§- GMP is an anti-productive concept, for its exercising would stop everything. Instead manufacturers strictly obey BMP(Bad Manufacturing Process). Violation of any GMP rules, according to current regulations would lead a preparation to be recognized as rejected and in the light of this principles we are only able to produce rejected preparations.

4- On 29,09,2006 I entered Paris for an international exhibition on pharmaceutical materials. In hope of finding a solution for that crisis I stayed here but failed to gain any support to divulge this absolute case of Human Rights violation. Some high ranking French Officials promised to support me but they forgot their promise when I entered Paris and I knew and know that without any serious support of the government my aim is unachievable. I know that according to the current EU regulation France is in charge of my dossier but "emergence of absolutely new cases" is the most important cause and way of Legal Development, unless for those who are in love with Law but do not like the JUSTICE. I believe that after the recent events in Iran, forgetting Justice in the name of Legal limitations is not fair and do not lead to any improvement of Human Conditions on the Earth. Unfortunately nobody noticed that My case is not a personal one and I hope this happens in your country. According to philosophers of law and right, law is not the source of Rights it is only the SHELTER of it and always there are or could be Rights with no corresponding law. In France I received tow negatives and after about twenty seven months decided to go back to Iran. In Vienna airport and after a short stop I experienced an intolerable anxiety and stress and lost my flight. In hope of finding a solution I applied in Austria but as in France I received tow negatives. By the rule of “No one can believe what he does not understand”, I asked in both countries my claims and documents be evaluated by experts but they disregarded this legal request. 
5-During in all of my professional life, somehow I was the best between my colleagues. All information and documents by help of them I discovered all those huge mistakes were also available to them but no one detected and noticed even one of those huge mistakes. Successful and important improvements in nearly all aspect of pharmaceutical industry also include in my professional background. Opportunities for exercising habit of critical thinking and the exceptional capacity in application of creativity tied me strongly to my job in spite of depriving from all legitimate economical and social benefits. My collection of scientific books is more than three thousand volumes in different subjects including natural and human sciences. My long and efficient experience in pharmaceutical industries make settlement a simple and short task at both social and professional levels. Considerable studies in Management, Organization, Organizational behavior, Ergonomics,Sociology, Social psychology, Psychology, Cognitive psychology, Educational and learning psychology, Philosophy and Philosophy of education provided me a nearly reliable mental awareness and critical mind.
I like to bring this letter to its end by some quotations from Mill whose wisdom and humanity glazes eyes of the wise and no one ignores him without a great loss of knowledge and discoveries on nature of Human and Power as a necessary and unavoidable Evil of life in societies.
Usually there are persons 
who form an exception 
to the apparent unanimity of the world on any subject…
and truth would lose something 
by their silence 
(On Liberty, page111).


The mere refusal to bend the knee 
to the customs and power 
is itself a service 
(On Liberty, page 130).



Whatever precautions
might be taken against 
the oppressive exercise of power 
(On Liberty, page?)
E P I L O G U E
Regarding current legal system and scientific status of pharmaceutical industries in the modern world, I strongly believe that divulging the crisis in the pharmaceutical industries of IRAN would discover a new and incredible dimension of dark and brutal nature of the Islamic government and would have its vital and devastating consequences in practical criticism of theological and ideological types of governments and, at the same time will be the biggest defense in favor of Iranians against the tyrannical application power of Islamic regime.And at the personal level
I hope your and your Country’s support provide me the opportunity of life in an Open,
Democratic and Modern society after a long struggle with a wild Authority
in the most hidden and darkest border of fight.

Before the announcement of History enslaving the soul and spirit
of mankind irreversible in Iran, we have duty and
responsibility to do anything possible to stop it for ever;
for human is deserved to be the subject only of his Will’s power.
(inspired by Mill)




 

223 / From Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations / January 4, 2012 / Holland


On Wednesday, January 4, 2012 12:35 PM, Bagher Mohammadpour <bmp133@gmail.com> wrote:


---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Publieksvoorlichting@ind.minbzk.nl
Date: Tue, 20 Dec 2011 15:45:03 +0100
Subject: RE: Fw: Your request for help
To: bmp133@gmail.com

Mr Mohammadpour,

With reference to your request for information I hereby inform you as follows.

The way in which you travel to the Netherlands, should be arranged by
yourself. The Dutch authorities cannot facilitate your coming to the
Netherland by granting a visa.

I hope to have informed you sufficiently.

With kind regards,

P. van Doorn

Public Information Officer
........................................................................
Immigration and Naturalisation Service
Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations
........................................................................
T 0900 1234561 or from outside the Netherlands 0031-20-8893045

(€ 0,10 p.m. and the additional costs for calling with a mobile phone,
weekdays from 09.00 till 17.00 hour)
voorlichting@ind.minbzk.nl
http://www.ind.nl <http://www.ind.nl/>
........................................................................
No rights can be derived from this message.
_______________________________

Van: Bagher Mohammadpour [mailto:bmp133@gmail.com]
Verzonden: maandag 12 december 2011 18:16
Aan: %Publieksvoorlichting, IND/REGSOC/1L1TELEFON
Onderwerp: Fwd: Fw: Your request for help

Dear P. van Doorn

Public Information Officer

These days Yahoo! mail is totally unreliable. So I send you this email
again by gmail.

I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Best regards

B Mohammadpour

----- Forwarded Message -----
From: bagher mohammadpour <bmp1337@yahoo.com>
To: "Publieksvoorlichting@ind.minbzk.nl" <Publieksvoorlichting@ind.minbzk.nl>
Sent: Saturday, December 10, 2011 4:57 PM
Subject: Re: Your request for help

Immigration and Naturalisation Service

Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations



Dear P. van Doorn

Public Information Officer

Thank you for your informative reply; it's been very helpful.

I am fully aware that the nature of my 'request for help' would not
let anything more be declared explicitly.

I did my military service during 'The War' and in war regions and
since then traveling long distances became impossible to me: once our
bus was attacked by a fighter aircraft and few months later 'Andimeshk
Train Station' was bombarded when I was waiting to travel to Tehran.



So reaching your country by bus or train in virtually impossible. I
was wondering how could you kindly help me with getting a VISA to
travel by air? My Iranian passport is valid till 14.08.2013.

I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Respectfully your

B Mohammadpour

From: "Publieksvoorlichting@ind.minbzk.nl" <Publieksvoorlichting@ind.minbzk.nl>
To: bmp1337@yahoo.com
Sent: Monday, November 14, 2011 11:11 AM
Subject: Your request for help

Dear Mr Mohammadpour,

With reference to your letter of October 16th 2011 I hereby inform you
as follows.



If you wish to apply for asylum in the Netherlands , you should go to
an application centre (AC). There is an application centre at
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and there is one in Ter Apel. When arriving
by plane you can make the request for asylum at the customs. When
arriving otherwise you should go to a police station, and tell them
you want to apply for asylum. They will give you a train ticket to the
application centre in Ter Apel.



With your application for asylum you are asking the Dutch government
to grant you a residence permit. The Immigration and Naturalisation
Service will investigate whether you can get a residence permit or
not. Under no circumstances will the authorities in your country of
origin be informed that you have applied for asylum in the Netherlands
.



You can get a residence permit for asylum if the following statements
apply to you:

•  You have good reasons to fear persecution in your country of
origin because of your race, religion, nationality, political beliefs
or because you belong to a certain social group;

•  You have good reasons to fear inhumane treatment in your country of origin;

•  You had to leave your country due to severely traumatic experiences;

•  You are not able to return to your country because the Dutch
government considers the situation to be too unsafe for you to return;

•  You are a family member of someone who now holds an asylum
residence permit and you travelled to the Netherlands at the same time
as him or her or arrived in the Netherlands within 3 months from the
date on which your family member was granted the residence permit.



The above rules are based on the Geneva Convention on Refugees and on
the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF).



You may also be allowed to stay in the Netherlands temporarily if the
IND cannot decide on your application immediately.



Your application for asylum may be refused if you:

•  Were previously in another country where you could have requested
asylum before you came to the Netherlands , or if you have already
requested asylum in a country other than the Netherlands ;

•  Have previously requested asylum in the Netherlands and there are
no new relevant facts since your earlier application;

•  Constitute a risk to public order and national security;

•  Have provided incorrect information.



The IND can only make a decision regarding your application for asylum
if you lend your full cooperation. This means that you must show the
IND all of the required documents and that you must tell the truth. If
you withhold information, this may lead to the refusal of your
application for asylum. We aim to treat your details with care, which
is why the Personal Data Protection Act applies.



We need documents that show your identity, your nationality and your
travel route. And we need documents that show any periods of residence
in another country and your reasons for applying for asylum.



I hope to have informed you sufficiently.



With kind regards,

P. van Doorn

Public Information Officer
........................................................................
Immigration and Naturalisation Service
Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations
........................................................................
T 0900 1234561 or from outside the Netherlands 0031-20-8893045

(€ 0,10 p.m. and the additional costs for calling with a mobile phone,
weekdays from 09.00 till 17.00 hour)
voorlichting@ind.minbzk.nl
http://www.ind.nl <http://www.ind.nl/>
........................................................................
No rights can be derived from this message.

Dit bericht kan informatie bevatten die niet voor u is bestemd. Indien
u niet de geadresseerde bent of dit bericht abusievelijk aan u is
toegezonden, wordt u verzocht dat aan de afzender te melden en het
bericht te verwijderen. De Staat aanvaardt geen aansprakelijkheid voor
schade, van welke aard ook, die verband houdt met risico's verbonden
aan het elektronisch verzenden van berichten. This message may contain
information that is not intended for you. If you are not the addressee
or if this message was sent to you by mistake, you are requested to
inform the sender and delete the message. The State accepts no
liability for damage of any kind resulting from the risks inherent in
the electronic transmission of messages.


Dit bericht kan informatie bevatten die niet voor u is bestemd. Indien
u niet de geadresseerde bent of dit bericht abusievelijk aan u is
toegezonden, wordt u verzocht dat aan de afzender te melden en het
bericht te verwijderen. De Staat aanvaardt geen aansprakelijkheid voor
schade, van welke aard ook, die verband houdt met risico's verbonden
aan het elektronisch verzenden van berichten.

This message may contain information that is not intended for you. If
you are not the addressee or if this message was sent to you by
mistake, you are requested to inform the sender and delete the
message. The State accepts no liability for damage of any kind
resulting from the risks inherent in the electronic transmission of
messages.

222 / To Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations / Dec 10, 2011 / Holland

Immigration and Naturalisation Service
Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations

Publieksvoorlichting@ind.minbzk.nl <Publieksvoorlichting@ind.minbzk.nl>;
 
P.O. Box 20011
2500 EA The Hague 
The Netherlands
 
 
Dear P. van Doorn
Public Information Officer
 
Because these days Yahoo! Mail is extremely unreliable, I send you my last email by post.
 
I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
 
 
Sincerely yours
 
B Mohohammad Pour
_____________________________________________________________________________



Immigration and Naturalisation Service
Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations
 
Dear P. van Doorn
Public Information Officer
 
Thank you for your informative reply; it's been very helpful.
 
I am fully aware that the nature of my 'request for help' would not let anything more be declared explicitly.
I did my military service during 'The War' and in war regions and since then traveling long distances became impossible to me: once our bus was attacked by a fighter aircraft and few months later 'Andimeshk Train Station' was bombarded when I was waiting to travel to Tehran.
 
So reaching your country by bus or train in virtually impossible. I was wondering how could you kindly help me with getting a VISA to travel by air? My Iranian passport is valid till 14.08.2013.
 
I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
 
 
Respectfully your
B Mohammadpour


From: "Publieksvoorlichting@ind.minbzk.nl" <Publieksvoorlichting@ind.minbzk.nl>
To: bmp1337@yahoo.com
Sent: Monday, November 14, 2011 11:11 AM
Subject: Your request for help

Dear Mr Mohammadpour,

With reference to your letter of October 16th 2011
 I hereby inform you as follows.
 
If you wish to apply for asylum in the Netherlands , you should go to an application centre (AC). There is an application centre at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and there is one in Ter Apel. When arriving by plane you can make the request for asylum at the customs. When arriving otherwise you should go to a police station, and tell them you want to apply for asylum. They will give you a train ticket to the application centre in Ter Apel.
 
With your application for asylum you are asking the Dutch government to grant you a residence permit. The Immigration and Naturalisation Service will investigate whether you can get a residence permit or not. Under no circumstances will the authorities in your country of origin be informed that you have applied for asylum in the Netherlands .
 
You can get a residence permit for asylum if the following statements apply to you:
•   You have good reasons to fear persecution in your country of origin because of your race, religion, nationality, political beliefs or because you belong to a certain social group; 
•   You have good reasons to fear inhumane treatment in your country of origin;
•   You had to leave your country due to severely traumatic experiences;
•   You are not able to return to your country because the Dutch government considers the situation to be too unsafe for you to return;
•   You are a family member of someone who now holds an asylum residence permit and you travelled to the Netherlands at the same time as him or her or arrived in the Netherlands within 3 months from the date on which your family member was granted the residence permit.
 
The above rules are based on the Geneva Convention on Refugees and on the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF).
 
You may also be allowed to stay in the Netherlands temporarily if the IND cannot decide on your application immediately. 
 
Your application for asylum may be refused if you:
•   Were previously in another country where you could have requested asylum before you came to the Netherlands , or if you have already requested asylum in a country other than the Netherlands ;
•   Have previously requested asylum in the Netherlands and there are no new relevant facts since your earlier application;
•   Constitute a risk to public order and national security;
•   Have provided incorrect information.
 
The IND can only make a decision regarding your application for asylum if you lend your full cooperation. This means that you must show the IND all of the required documents and that you must tell the truth. If you withhold information, this may lead to the refusal of your application for asylum. We aim to treat your details with care, which is why the Personal Data Protection Act applies.
 
We need documents that show your identity, your nationality and your travel route. And we need documents that show any periods of residence in another country and your reasons for applying for asylum.
 
I hope to have informed you sufficiently.
 
With kind regards,

P. van Doorn
Public Information Officer
........................................................................
Immigration and Naturalisation Service
Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations
........................................................................
T 0900 1234561 or from outside the Netherlands 0031-20-8893045
(€ 0,10 p.m. and the additional costs for calling with a mobile phone,
weekdays from 09.00 till 17.00 hour)
voorlichting@ind.minbzk.nl
http://www.ind.nl
........................................................................
No rights can be derived from this message.
 
 
Dit bericht kan informatie bevatten die niet voor u is bestemd. Indien u niet de geadresseerde bent of dit bericht abusievelijk aan u is toegezonden, wordt u verzocht dat aan de afzender te melden en het bericht te verwijderen. De Staat aanvaardt geen aansprakelijkheid voor schade, van welke aard ook, die verband houdt met risico's verbonden aan het elektronisch verzenden van berichten. This message may contain information that is not intended for you. If you are not the addressee or if this message was sent to you by mistake, you are requested to inform the sender and delete the message. The State accepts no liability for damage of any kind resulting from the risks inherent in the electronic transmission of messages.